This summer, on June 9, 2008, the European Council adopted a set of indicators to monitor the advancement of girls' rights to access education and sexual and reproductive health care and to ensure the eradication of child sexual exploitation.
A set of actions for the advancement of women in various areas of their lives was agreed to at the United Nations World Conference on Women in 1995, as the follow-up to the Beijing Platform for Action. Then, in December 1995, the European Council of the European Union concluded that the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action, in the Member States and institutions of the European Union would be reviewed on an annual basis. Since 1999 the Council has adopted conclusions on indicators and benchmarks, thus making the annual monitoring process more focused and structured. Sets of quantitative and qualitative indicators have been developed by the EU presidencies in themes, relating to the 12 critical areas of concern of the Beijing Platform for Action (a few examples: in 2000 the French Presidency adopted indicators on women in the economy, or the reconciliation of work and family life, in 2002 Danish Presidency adopted indicators on violence against women or in 2004 the Dutch Presidency adopted indicators on sexual harassment in the workplace).
And this year, the European
Council has looked at the next critical area of concern specified in
the follow-up to the Beijing
Platform for Action -- the girl child.
The girl child as a social group is declared to be the most invisible
entity in society and as such is left behind in human development. The
two most important international instruments for girls' rights, the Convention on
the Rights of the Child
(CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW), are not being implemented adequately. The issue of the girl
child is regionally and locally conditioned and it is therefore insufficient
to address it at the level of the state. Therefore the above-mentioned
document relates to age segmentation, since it confirms that many interventions
target young children or older adolescents. As a result, many at-risk
girls between the age of 6 and 14 years are left out.
In the Conclusions on the Girl Child, the Council stresses, among other things, that access to sexual and reproductive health care and education, and the elimination of all forms of violence against the girl child, including trafficking, are crucial for the empowerment of girls and women, and encourages the member states to develop sexual and relationship education. The Conclusions contain three indicators to monitor and improve the position of girls in the EU:
1. Sex and relationship education: parameters of sexuality-related education in schooling (primary and secondary) -- assesses the sex and relationship education provided in school programs and analyses the key elements of such education which plays an important role in the development of the girl child's sexual and reproductive health, and gender roles and relations, and is therefore a necessary prerequisite for gender equality.
2. Body self-image: dissatisfaction of girls and boys with their bodies -- examines different self-perception of girls and boys regarding their body image, which has implications for public health. Girls' and young women's dissatisfaction with their bodies does not always reflect a physical condition, but may be the result of culturally imposed norms and images which are significantly influenced by the media. It is therefore important to tackle the reasons underlying the dissatisfaction of girls and boys with their bodies.
3. Educational accomplishments:
comparison of 15-year-old students' performance in mathematics
and science and the proportion of girl students in tertiary education
in the field
of science, mathematics and computing and in the field of
teacher training and education science -- addresses the discrepancy between the
aptitude of girls in mathematics and science literacy (which does not
significantly differ from that of boys), as compared with their subsequent
choice of further educational field at the tertiary level, where boys
and girls continue to follow traditional educational paths. The indicator
helps to assess the potential impact of policies and measures to encourage
both girls and boys to explore non-traditional educational paths and
thus to use their talents and potential to the full.
All these indicators help to focus country's efforts in relation to the girl child status, and urge further actions to be taken to protect and empower the girl children. First of all, there should be measures adopted to prevent and eradicate child prostitution and pornography, as well as actions to enable girls, including pregnant girls and teenage mothers, to continue their education. It is also necessary to provide information and services to girls with regard to sexually transmitted diseases, as well as reproductive and sexual health. For example, education programs on sexual and reproductive health have been developed in the Czech Republic or Latvia. The Czech Republic also established programs to educate young people about HIV/AIDS. Looking at the situation in many Eastern European countries (very recent examples from Romania and Poland, but also many others which we do not know about), it is clear that information campaigns and workshops to prevent teenage pregnancy have to be launched.
Whether the indicators prepared by the European Union institutions really work in practice or are helpful in analysing the progress made, is still difficult to assess, but it seems to me that any type of guidance which is more concrete and explicit in terms of benchmarks may prove to be more effective than declarations contained in various international documents. The EU has always played a role of a guardian of commonly accepted rules and standards; let's just hope it will be more demanding towards its member states with regard to the critical areas of concern described in the Beijing Platform for Action and its adequate implementation. The status of the girl child in many countries has not been discussed at all, so the above documents should be understood as a first little step in a good direction, although, as mentioned above, more intensive steps have to be yet undertaken.
